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It would be difficult to pin this number down precisely. Most research projects contain an incredible number of false starts, changes in direction, and obvious-in-hindsight errors, so knowing that the …

They serve slightly different purposes. Specifically, the abstract is what you'd tell your coworkers; the significance statement is more like something you'd tell your mom. The abstract is meant t …

It asks for up to five "Contributions to Science", each of consists of a half-page of text and up to four references to "research products", which need not be publications or even your own work. …

The copyright attaches to the "presentation" of the data, not the data itself. If you want to replace (say) barplots from your first publication with the violin plots you used in the rest of your proj …

I'm somewhat surprised at the other answers labeling this an unusual practice, since some journals invite pre-submission inquiries. For example, Current Biology says: The editors strongly encourag …

One approach, which has often worked for me, is to explicitly tell the editors that you feel the paper is already in good shape. Something like: The authors have ably addressed all of the reviewers' …

This could possibly happen when data collected for internal use is repurposed as part of a research study. Institutional Review Boards are supposed to oversee research involving human subjects. Per 4 …

Of course! Building on prior work is the way people do research. If you look at the literature on (say) matrix or graph operations, you'll find plenty of work where people refine a general-purpose alg …

Defense mantains the Defense Technical Information Center, which provides access to unclassified DoD-funded research papers and some data sets, again with a 1-year embargo period for non-open access publications …

It might be worth looking into the (US) National Library of Medicine's "Medical Subjects Heading" program, starting here. These keywords, which they call "terms", are assigned to PubMed-indexed articl …

You won't be able to find the full text of this particular article because it doesn't exist! The work was actually a poster presentation at the Intensive Care Society's Spring 1997 meeting. The journa …

Top journals don't necessarily contain the best papers For many fields, especially in the natural sciences, the "top-tier" are not just looking for well-done, well-written research reports. Instead, …

Unless the journal specifies a particular format, it's almost entirely up to you. Here's a formula that has worked well for me. The goal is to convey that a) you've taken the feedback seriously and b) …

Absolutely! The term you are looking for is "presubmission inquiry" and they are fairly common, even encouraged. For example, Current Biology writes: The editors strongly encourage authors who are in …

Since making the Reviewer's lives easier is rarely a bad idea, I usually do include full citations in the Reply Letter. If it's one or two one-off things, I put it at the bottom of my response to that …