Other answers have given you the instructions for "playing nice". You can certainly follow them if you want.
But if you are sure that Jason will take advantage of you in the long run and want to make sure you do not lose credit for work that is deserved, here is a plan:
Stage 1: Probation
Goal: protect yourself while giving Jason a chance to prove he's actually not evil (maybe just careless)
Avoid one-on-one meetings with Jason as much as possible.
But when they do happen, take evidence:
- Write down your ideas in emails (or attachments) and send them to Jason from your official email before the meeting.
- Create calendar appointments for all meetings and invite Jason through his official email.
- Take notes during the meeting. Write dates on those notes and scan them into the computer.
Do not complain to anyone in the group at this stage. Accumulate evidence to back up what you will need to say later.
Stage 1.5: Infraction
If Jason once again "comes up" with an idea that is actually yours, again take evidence. Record when this happened and keep copies of any handouts.
Stage 2: Escalation
Once Jason has "come up" with your ideas enough times, you should approach your supervisor. Organise all your evidence -- you may find this useful:
- I had idea X on date A (attach original email / notes)
- Jason and I met on date B and discussed in more detail (attach calendar event record)
- At meeting C, Jason suggested X without crediting me (attach handout / notes)
Raise all incidents with your supervisor and ask them to tell Jason to stop.
Do not complain to anyone else in the group at this stage. This way, you keep your hands clean and give nobody any grounds to accuse you of trying to hurt Jason.
Stage 3: Resolution
After this, the situation should resolve in one of the following ways:
- Jason apologises and starts crediting you properly for your ideas. Everybody wins!
- Jason decides to leave. His loss, the group will keep going on.
- Your supervisor decides that Jason's actions are okay and won't take serious action. Then you have to decide whether to stay or to leave, the latter probably being the most sensible option. (At this stage, you have every right to tell anyone you want in the group about what has happened, since your supervisor has failed to handle it themselves.)
PS: keeping evidence is the most important and new part of this answer. Once you have evidence, you can use your judgement to use it in various ways.
For example, if your group has a culture of disliking confrontation, you may just decide that the next time Jason brings up an idea of yours without crediting you, you can just put your hand up and say "Yeah, Idea Z is a great idea! I actually suggested that to Jason two or three days ago while we were discussing problem P." The evidence helps you add specific details which make your story believable - without (openly) criticising Jason.