It's not possible to give a universal answer, of course, as that depends on many factors: how many people are available to grade, how many students need to pass the course (solutions that work for 20 students may not work for 200), what technological solutions are available… In our department somewhere in France, the solutions adopted for the various exams are:
- A normal homework, sent electronically by taking a picture of the answers, graded normally, with a long delay (a week or so) to complete. For very low level courses it's also possible to have a fully online exam, with multiple choice questions and short answers.
- A timed exam. This can be the same time for all students, common for low level courses where copying others' answers is trivial. Or it can be an exam available during a whole day, and when the student downloads the exam they are put on a timer and must give back their answers before a time limit (a few hours).
- Oral examinations using visioconference tools. The students connects with the examiner and gets asked questions, usually with the help of a virtual whiteboard.
- A hybrid method: students are given a timed exam, which is then graded (takes a few days). Then students pass a short oral exam about the content of the written exam. Depending on the size of the class, this can either be all students, or students who got above a certain grade on the written exam (to avoid "wasting" time on students who have no chance of passing regardless of how well they perform on the oral exam). The goal is try and bump up students, and detect some cheating.
My preference goes towards the last item, but it's a significant time investment, much more so than a traditional handwritten exam. It takes a lot of organization, there is a lot of cheating anyway, technical issues arise all the time for the video chat, the exam needs to be specially designed...
After a department-wide meeting, we have pretty much all agreed that there was no good solution anyway. Maybe someone here has a better one...