The first thing you should do is calm down, and realize failing a class, or even getting kicked out of school, is not the end of the world. (Note administrative punishment for plagiarism will probably be worse than just failing a class, though I think most schools would not expel you for a first offence.)

The second thing you should do is make sure you understand what plagiarism is (see also, e.g., here), and understand whether you truly, intentionally or not, committed plagiarism. Here the main question is: does it look like you were trying to pass off someone else's work as your own or not? It seems that your professor thinks so, though it is possible he is being more strict with you.

After you do the first two things, you should apologize to your professor (in person) for what you have done wrong. This includes (a) confronting him in a rude way about his policy, and (b) improper citations. Your apologies should be sincere, explain your original intents (at least assuming you didn't mean to be disrespectful or dishonest), why what you did was wrong, and show that you know now what you should have done. During this meeting, you should try to be as respectful and non-confrontational as possible.

If your professor then seems somewhat placated, and convinced of your sincerity, you can politely ask him if there is something you can do to make up for this, such as redoing your assignment. If he says no, you have to accept his decision. Unless it is clear from your assignment that there was no intent of plagiarism, it probably is a bad idea to take this issue higher up.

The first thing you should do is calm down, and realize failing a class, or even getting kicked out of school, is not the end of the world. (Note administrative punishment for plagiarism will probably be worse than just failing a class, though I think most schools would not expel you for a first offence.)

The second thing you should do is make sure you understand what plagiarism is (see also, e.g., here), and understand whether you truly, intentionally or not, committed plagiarism. Here the main question is: does it look like you were trying to pass off someone else's work as your own or not? It seems that your professor thinks so, though it is possible he is being more strict with you.

After you do the first two things, you should apologize to your professor (in person) for what you have done wrong. This includes (a) confronting him in a rude way about his policy, and (b) improper citations. Your apologies should be sincere, explain your original intents (at least assuming you didn't mean to be disrespectful or dishonest), why what you did was wrong, and show that you know now what you should have done. During this meeting, you should try to be as respectful and non-confrontational as possible.

If your professor then seems somewhat placated, and convinced of your sincerity, you can politely ask him if there is something you can do to make up for this, such as redoing your assignment. If he says no, you have to accept his decision. Unless it is clear from your assignment that there was no intent of plagiarism, it probably is a bad idea to take this issue higher up.