The academic career after PhD starts with at least one postdoc position. In order to get a postdoc offer you need to show strong ability ndand talent to do research (in math it means good letters of recommendation, publications, good PhD granting department, well known and good advisor, etc.). To transition from a postdoc to a tenure track position you need more of the same. Usually only a few people with PhD can become postdocs and even fewer will get tenure track positions.
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