I am willing to pursue a PhD degree in Northern Europe (mostly in Scandinavia). So, I take advice from differen professors of my university. The exact question I asked was: > I want to complete my PhD degree in a Scandinavian Country Some of them told me that it does not matter where I want to go. Others told me that it changes with respect to the region I want to go. I was ready to be satisfied with only one common advise, however, most of them told me completely different expectations. They can be summarized as: 1. Cumulative GPA should be 4.00/4.00. 2. You should publish a conference paper. 3. You must publish a journal paper in a mediocre journal. 4. Most important thing is getting very good reference letters. 5. It is just luck. You should give every university a try. 6. They mostly look at your cover letter. 7. You should find someone that you know from that university. He/she should advise you. Are these sentences professors' own expectations? Or are some of them completely true? Or... Should I take all of them into consideration? To sum up: I am pursuing a PhD in Scandinavia. What should I do? Are the expected qualifications same as US or Asian countries?