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The question of how to choose PhD committee members has already been asked and answered in general terms, but I have the following more specific questions regarding the choice:

  • Is it more important that your advisor already know your committee members or that you do (e.g., your advisor knows them but you've never met them before vs. you know the member but your advisor doesn't have a strong or pre-existing relationship with them).

  • Is it better to get someone in your discipline or someone doing more related work (e.g., if you're getting a computer science degree, you ask computer science faculty vs. you're getting a computer science degree but everyone except for your advisor is from the English department)?

  • Should you pick people who are already invested/interested in you succeeding or is the dissertation process supposed to be a chance for you to win people over to your side?

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There are many ways to build PhD committee, which depend on the local system (country, etc.) and your field. But, here are some general principles that should apply broadly. You need to bring a mix of highly competent yet diverse evaluators, with not too much proximity to yourself or your advisor lest it be thought that you are cherry-picking a partial (friendly) jury for your work.

Regarding your questions:

  • Is it more important that your advisor already know your committee members or that you do

    I don't think it's a very important part of the decision-making. Certainly, you don't want the advisor's best friend (or yours!), that could make people think you're scared of unbiased questioning.

  • Is it better to get someone in your discipline or someone doing more related work

    Here's one of the factors that play a very important part, for me, in picking committee members. First, all members need to be able to have a good understanding of your work. However, it is good that not all of them are precisely expert in particular field of expertise. It helps to have people from other (related) fields, because they will bring a different perspective, and give you the opportunity to highlight not only the very technical details of your work but also its significance for other fields.

  • is the dissertation process supposed to be a chance for you to win people over to your side?

    No. It's good to bring people who don't necessarily agree with you on everything, but you should also avoid as committee members anyone overly critical of your approach of things, unless you know them well and they can keep it under control and agree to disagree. Otherwise, you risk that person actually coming to your defense to win you over. I have seen defenses being “derailed” (though all ended well) by a committee member who was overly argumentative, and it wasn't a nice experience for anybody involved.

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You first have to check to see what the university rules are for a Ph.D committee. Many universities have rules that limit the number of external members, the number of members not from the department, the number of members that are not "regular faculty" and so on.

Assuming that you've checked all those constraints, then you should definitely discuss this with your advisor, who will have more experience in constructing committees in your area.

Which brings up another issue: community norms. In your field of research, are there customary roles that committee members play ? that's something you need to discuss with your advisor.

Finally, after all of the above, to answer some of your questions:

Should you already know them?

Not necessarily, although that helps with the first approach. It helps if they're familiar with your work even if you don't know them personally.

Should they be doing research related to your dissertation topic?

Not necessarily, but they should have some connection to your work, otherwise they won't be able to provide any kind of useful feedback for you.

Should they be in your discipline?

Definitely, unless your topic is interdisciplinary and you want the input from someone in the other discipline.

Should they be selected more for how much they'll help you get a job?

That's definitely a factor. It's not a critical factor for all members of your committee, but it can be a factor when looking for an external member. Ideally, if you're able to do some research with members of the committee, they can write a letter for you.

Bottom line:

  • talk to your advisor and discuss all of this with him/her
  • Different members of the committee can play different roles. The mix is what's important
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  • This answer was very relevant to the original question, which was closed as duplicate. Now that the question was edited, I think this answer should too (or be deleted). – F'x Jan 23 '13 at 21:42
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    @F'x Let's let Suresh decide whether to edit or delete this answer. – eykanal♦ Jan 23 '13 at 22:02
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    It seems to me that the answers here address the edited questions as well (should you know the committee members, should they work in your area, etc etc) – Suresh Jan 24 '13 at 0:31
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    I disagree slightly with your answer to "Should they be in your discipline?" Every thesis committee should have at least one member outside the student's subfield, if not outside their department, as a sanity check. They should be close enough to understand the vocabulary, but far enough away that they don't wear the same blinders as the student and their advisor. – JeffE Jan 24 '13 at 4:43
  • @JeffE that's reasonable. – Suresh Jan 24 '13 at 5:52
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Should you choose your committee members or should your advisor?

Yes.

Choosing your committee is a collaborative process ideally, and should take place with input from your advisor, but also accounting for your own preferences.

The first thing you should do is check about the constraints on your committee put in place by university rules. This can be quite complex, and will often limit the freedom of choice you have in the selection process - for example, your hypothetical "Degree is in CS, everyone but your advisor is from English" example is simply outright impossible at the institution I got my degree from.

Is it more important that your advisor already know your committee members or that you do (e.g., your advisor knows them but you've never met them before vs. you know the member but your advisor doesn't have a strong or pre-existing relationship with them).

Someone should know your committee members. That can be you, or that can be your advisor, but someone should know if they're likely to be problematic for this particular dissertation (it's a theory dissertation and they hate theory, etc.)

Is it better to get someone in your discipline or someone doing more related work (e.g., if you're getting a computer science degree, you ask computer science faculty vs. you're getting a computer science degree but everyone except for your advisor is from the English department)?

The "perfect" committee member is someone in your discipline doing related work. When those people don't exist, you should probably aim for a mix - you want a committee that can go "Yes, this is clearly a project worthy of a degree in $Discipline", but also people who can provide input on the specifics of your project.

Your advisor can probably talk to you about people who "should" be on your committee for various reasons, including political ones ("It will look strange if Y isn't on your committee...")

Should you pick people who are already invested/interested in you succeeding or is the dissertation process supposed to be a chance for you to win people over to your side?

Your committee should be people already interested in your success - believe me, even people really excited by your work and interested in you moving forward can cause problems. Someone whose an outright skeptic, and might be inclined to just dismiss the whole project? That is not someone you want on your committee. You have the rest of your career to try to win people over to your side after you have your degree.

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