What are the consequences to the researcher in cases of academic fraud?

Question

The purpose of this question is to attempt to generate a concise but comprehensive answer to the question, what happens to the researcher after fraud is discovered? I'm familiar with some consequences:

• Listing on the NIH Office of Research Integrity website
• Retraction of relevant publications
• Prevention from publication in journals for X years

What other are some other typical (and atypical) outcomes?

Answer 1

As I posted in answer to another comment, more often than not, schools want to avoid the dramas associated with plagiarism scandals. That is why schools like Harvard will prompt researchers accused of fraudulent behavior, such as Marc Hauser, to resign, rather than go through tenure revocation procedures.

But losing one's job is fairly likely, and an unofficial blacklisting is almost certain to result.

One other consequence, though, is often forgotten: the peripheral damage of academic fraud cases. Sensationalized results, such as those in the Jan Hendrik Schön and Hwang Woo-Suk cases, led many graduate students to embark on projects in those disciplines trying to reproduce and expand upon the promises implied by those projects. When those projects collapsed, a lot of graduate students were left in the lurch.

Answer 2

• You would probably find it very hard to find a job or may even get fired from your job, depending on the severeness of the fraud.
• Your employer might start a formal investigation into your behaviour.
• The party you defrauded might sue you for damages.
• Your reputation in your community would be at least severely damanged. Other researchers might refuse to collaborate with you.
• You might be banned from applying for grants and/or have trouble getting grants you apply for.

I'm sure there are lots of other things. Basically, unless you have a very good explanation for it, you're done for (at least in your particular area of research).