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I have seen many professors also hold positions in industry, say Data Scientist at Uber or Machine Learning Manager at Google. How does this work? Do professors apply for these positions or do the companies reach out to them? Also, I know some of these professors take a break from being at the university and go work full time for a while before coming back, while others split their time between both. I am just curious if anyone knows/experienced how this process works.

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Many possibilities:

Sabbaticals,

leaves of absence,

some Universities have "close" contacts with industry and some faculty have combined teaching / research roles...

Some engineering Universities really value faculty who have actually done real work and students appreciate that as well. Nothing like having someone talk about sensors and issues with sensors like getting temperature readings from a brake disc that is glowing red while spinning at 10K rpm... Compared to those "academics" that only ever push paper...

Some Universities even "use" final year engineering students to do funded research (their final year project) for particular issues using University machines as they have helped purchase said machines etc

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    Let me guess, downvoted by an academic paper pusher... without the courage to leave a comment...
    – Solar Mike
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 18:42
  • Well, just upvoted by one, anyway.
    – Buffy
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 18:48
  • 1
    OOPS, I guess I did leave a comment. My bad.
    – Buffy
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 18:48
  • Anyway, there are probably about as many variations as there are people. But note that some places make it hard/impossible to do this, again for a variety of reasons.
    – Buffy
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 18:51
  • @Buffy Thanks, and yes, some places are better placed for industry links than others, we used to have courses that ran from 7pm to 9pm for workers to get there... Full time students did not like their pub time taken :)
    – Solar Mike
    Commented Feb 27, 2019 at 18:53
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Many professors work on 'project-basis' anyway

My experience is that many professors work on a 'project-basis' in any case. If you're a "research professor" then you often do some teaching, but that takes up the minority of your time. For everything else, you don't often have "hard employment" as in a full-time commitment to pay for arbitrary research, many universities don't really do that, but you have specific grants, specific projects that fund you (or some part-time of you - there often are multiple grant projects running at the same time) and a team to do some research.

In that context, there's little practical difference between a professor obtaining a grant that'll pay for half of their time for the next three years, a post-doc and two grad student research assistants, versus an industry contract that takes half of their time and allows them to lead a bunch of research assistants employed in that company (and some of them might defend a PhD thesis based on that work).

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