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What's the difference between an associate professor and an assistant professor?

What can one of them do that the other can't? and which is a higher level? can any of them supervise a PhD student?

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As you can see from the answers so far, this varies by country. It would help if you would say what country you are interested in. – Nate Eldredge Jul 21 '12 at 3:56
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D. Schrute: "assistant regional manager." M. Scott: "erm, assistant to the regional manager." – DuckMaestro Jul 21 '12 at 8:27

2 Answers

up vote 18 down vote accepted

In a typical university in the United States:

An assistant professor is an entry-level faculty member. They are generally on the tenure track (although the term "assistant professor" does not guarantee this) but do not have tenure yet. Typically, within about seven years an assistant professor will either be promoted to associate professor or will leave the university, although the timing can vary a little and it's theoretically possible to remain an assistant professor forever.

An associate professor is one step up from an assistant professor. This promotion is usually the same as getting tenure, but not always. (Some universities, like MIT, frequently have non-tenured associate professors.) The final step for most faculty is a full professorship.

As for what an associate professor can do that an assistant professor can't, that varies even more than the terminology. In many US universities, the only additional power an associate professor has is voting on who gets tenure, but I wouldn't claim this is universally true.

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To complicate matters further, it is possible to be an untenured associate professor (the title confers some seniority and a pay scale shift, as well as occasionally an accelerated tenure clock) – Suresh Jul 21 '12 at 6:15
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Usually a non-tenure-track assistant professor will have a title such as "research assistant professor" to make the distinction clear. – aeismail Jul 21 '12 at 6:58
In some departments (like my own), only full professors can vote on tenure cases. – JeffE Jul 21 '12 at 18:09

In the Netherlands both assistant and associate professors are frequently tenured (= have a permanent position). Associate professors are expected to develop their own research line, while assistant professors can work on the topics of their bosses (full professors). Neither assistant nor associate professors can formally supervise PhD students: they can only co-supervise. There are some more minor differences: e.g., associate professors can be members of the Ph.D. assessment committee, assistant - not, unless they are co-supervisors of the candidate.

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